
Venezuela’s modern economy is overwhelmingly dependent on oil exports, with crude petroleum representing more than $4 billion in export value in 2025. Its top trading partners include the United States, China, Spain, Brazil, Turkey, and others that rely on Venezuelan oil, petroleum coke, fertilizers, and metals. A sudden geopolitical shock such as the capture of…

Background and Strategic Importance The United States and Indonesia have long maintained a complex trade relationship. Indonesia, Southeast Asia’s largest economy, is a critical partner for Washington’s Indo-Pacific strategy. With a population of over 270 million and a rapidly growing middle class, Indonesia represents both a major export market and a strategic counterweight to China’s…